personal injuries arising in the context of services typically included in a cruise package – such as accommodation and catering – should fall within the material scope of the PTD. "is approach, in my view, disregards the nature of the AC as an international convention that is binding on the EU and establishes uniform liability standards for all members of the convention.98 "e Uniform Rules concerning the Contract of International Carriage of Passengers by Rail (CIV) cover the loss or damage resulting from the death of, personal injuries to, or any other physical or mental harm to, a passenger, caused by an accident arising out of the operation of the railway and happening while the passenger is in, entering or alighting from railway vehicles whatever the railway infrastructure used,99 with a limit per passenger of 175,000 units of account,100 liability in case of cancellation, late running of trains or missed connections101 and liability in respect of hand luggage, animals, registered luggage and vehicles.102 2) International conventions not binding the Union With regard to international conventions not binding the Union, Article 14 (4) leaves it to the member states to implement a limitation of the liability of the organiser according to such conventions. In so far, Article 14 (3) constitutes one of the few exceptions from the principle of full harmonisation which governs the Directive.103 An example of such a convention is the Paris Convention on the Liability of Hotel-keepers concerning the Property of their Guests, signed in Paris in 1962 and rati!ed by twelve EU Member States104 and !ve non-EU countries.105 3) Contractual limitation of liability According to Article 14 (4), the package travel contract may limit compensation to be paid by the organiser. However, such limitation must not apply to personal injury or damage caused intentionally or with negligence. 98 See in more detail: Wukoschitz, Auf hoher See vor dem EuGH, RRa 2026, 2. 99 Article 26(1) CIV 100 Article 30/2) CIV. 101 Article 32 CIV. 102 Articles 33 to 47 CIV. 103 Article 4. 104 Belgium, Croatia, Cyprus, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Poland and Slovenia. 105 Bosnia Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, UK. 361 ARTICLE 14 | MICHAEL WUKOSCHITZ
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