a user engages in an "act of communication" when they knowingly intervene to provide their customers with access to a protected work, particularly when, without their intervention, the customers would not be able to enjoy the author's work. On 11 April 2024, CJEU delivered its judgment in case C-723/22, Citadines v MPLC concerning the interpretation of the concept of “communication to the public” within the meaning of Article 3(1) considering the broadcast of an episode on television in rooms and other areas of a hotel constitutes a communication to the public and requires the consent of the author of the work or the entity that represents it.
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