II. EVOLUTION OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY RULES IN TÜRKIYE The historical trajectory of tourism and hospitality regulations in Türkiye reveals a structural evolution that parallels the country’s socio-economic and political transformation throughout the republican era. This legal and policydriven development can be categorized into three distinct normative phases: the early republican initiatives focused on foundational institutionalization, the planned economy paradigm characterized by centralized administrative coordination, and the post-1980 liberalization era that culminated in contemporary consumer-centric harmonization with the European Union (EU) acquis communautaire2 During the initial decades of the Republic (1923–1960), tourism was not governed by a comprehensive, unified legal framework. Instead, regulatory interventions were sporadic and primarily driven by civil society initiatives under state patronage. The foundational institutional step was taken with the establishment of the Türk Seyyahîn Cemiyeti in 1923, later reorganized as the Türkiye Turing ve Otomobil Kurumu (TTOK), which assumed quasiadministrative duties in promoting travel and formulating initial hospitality standards.3 Public law interventions during this period were limited to localized administrative police regulations, notably through the Municipalities Law No. 1580 of 1930, which granted local governments the authority to inspect, classify, and regulate the tariffs of local accommodation facilities and public inns to maintain public order and health.4 The transition to a highly coordinated and centralized tourism policy occurred in the 1960s with the introduction of the planned economy model. Under the aegis of the State Planning Organization (Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı), tourism was legally recognized as a macro-economic instrument capable of rectifying balance-of-payments deficits and fostering regional development.5 This era witnessed significant structural transformations at the executive level; the administrative apparatus evolved from the Ministry of Press, Broadcasting, 2 Gözde Yıldırım & Yasin Keleş, “Avrupa Birliği Turizm Politikaları ile Türkiye Turizm Politikalarının Karşılaştırılması”, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Turizm Fakültesi Dergisi, 25/2 (2022): 146 3 Erkan Dağlı & Mehmet Bahadır Kalıpçı, “Cumhuriyet’in Kuruluş Dönemi Türkiye’sinde Turizm Faaliyetleri”, Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 34/3 (2023): 110 4 A. Köseoğlu, Çağatay Ünüsan, & Mete Sezgin, “1923’ten Günümüze Türk Turizm Pazar(Lar)ının Geli-� şimi”, Akşehir Meslek Yüksekokulu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16 (2023): 14 5 Yıldırım & Keleş, 2022: 168 3 TRAVEL AND TOURISM LAW IN TÜRKIYE
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