The Convention provides a common international framework governing the carriage of passengers and their luggage by sea and contains rules concerning carrier liability, passenger protection, and compulsory insurance in international maritime transport. International land and rail transportation is also subject to internationally harmonized legal instruments. Türkiye is a Contracting Party to the Convention concerning International Carriage by Rail (COTIF), including its Uniform Rules concerning the Contract of International Carriage of Passengers by Rail (CIV), which establish common rules for international railway transport. Likewise, Türkiye is a party to the Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (CMR), which governs international carriage of goods by road and contributes to the legal certainty of cross-border transport operations within its field of application. Beyond these binding international instruments, Türkiye has been a member of the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) since 1975. Although the resolutions and policy documents adopted by the UNWTO do not constitute binding international law, they provide important guidance for the development of sustainable, responsible, and consumer-oriented tourism policies. In particular, the UNWTO Global Code of Ethics for Tourism promotes principles encouraging an appropriate balance between tourism development, consumer protection, environmental sustainability, and the preservation of cultural heritage. 4.3. Laws and Regulations While international conventions establish the macro-level standardization for transnational travel, the operational core of Travel and Tourism Law is deeply embedded within domestic legislation. The Turkish legal system governs the tourism sector through a dual-track regulatory architecture: public administrative laws that dictate the structural, developmental, and licensing frameworks of the industry, and private law codes that regulate the contractual and tortious relationships among commercial actors and tourists. 4.3.1. The Law on Tourism No. 2634 (Turizmi Teşvik Kanunu) Enacted in 1982 to catalyze the rapid modernization of the country’s hospitality infrastructure, Tourism Encouragement Law No. 2634 functions as the primary public law instrument governing the administrative supervision and macroeconomic development of the sector. Historically, its foundational 8 ENES ALTAN
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