the methodology of the “old continent,” preserves significant variations and its own principles. In this respect, the European model develops through three categories with differentiated levels of geographical linkage70: • Protected Designation of Origin (PDO): intended for products characterized exclusively by their geographical region, considering environmental features (climate, soil, water) and human knowledge developed therein (tradition). This represents a strong geographical link. • Protected Geographical Indication (PGI): for products with recognized quality and reputation, but without full geographical linkage, requiring at least one stage of production tied to geographical identification. This represents a moderate link. • Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (TSG): identifying traditional products without necessarily requiring a geographical link. This represents a light link71. Distinguishing products by geographical origin contributes to regional promotion, valorization, communication, and marketing, meeting criteria of quality, tradition, and cultural heritage, as well as consumer protection—even though, historically, “geographical food” is not a new subject72. Consequently, the registration of products and services to comply with GIs becomes imperative, through complex administrative procedures that require: delimitation of the geographical area (natural and human factors); specification of the product (raw materials, production methods, final characteristics); demonstration of the link between product characteristics and geographical origin; and establishment of control and certification structures.73 procedencia. Estudio comparativo de las legislaciones de los Estados latinoamericanos y español. RIVAR Vol. 2, Nº 6, ISSN 0719-4994, IDEA-USACH, Santiago de Chile, septiembre 2015, pp.46-69. 70 Carcea, M., & Melini, F. (2013). Legal aspects of food protected designations. In M. de la Guardia & A. Gonzálvez (Eds.), Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry (Vol. 60, pp. 3–30). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/ B978-0-444-59562-1.00001-3. 71 LOPES, Celso; Rengifo-Gallego, Juan; LEITÃO, João. Evolución de la Producción y Comercialización de los Productos Regionales Con DOP, IGP Y ETG en Extremadura (España) y Região Centro (Portugal) Entre 2008 y 2018. In: Revista Portuguesa de Estudos Regionais, nº 61 2022, 27-48. 72 WILLIOT, Jean-Pierre; FUMEY, Gilles. História da alimentação. Trad. Caesar Moura. Petrópolis-RJ: Vozes, 2023, p. 90. Observe: “In France, the controlled designations of origin, which the European Union later resumed with the PDOs (Protected Designations of Origin), are part of an important collection that dates back to the seventeenth century, when the first frauds involving Roquefort were reported in the department of Toulouse. The variety of these designations expands as artisans are able to prove to the drafter of the 1905 law that they respect fair and consistent production practices. In this way, brewers, biscuit makers, and confectioners are able to label their products. After the 1980s, landscape requirements were added for some of them to complete this protection mechanism.” 73 GEORGIOU, Constantinos A.; DANEZIS, Georgios P. Food Authentication: Management, Analysis and 83 ‘STOMACH RULES’ AND CONSUMER PROMOTION
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