VI. HOSPITALITY ICONS AND TOURISM CLINIC Having reached this point, let us try to bring certain figures of hospitality and the main peculiarities, including legal peculiarities of tourism, under a proper, mainly domestic, cone of light.60 Let us begin by saying that in spite of a regulatory framework that is not always clear and shared61 tourist activity, at least from the 1950s onwards of the last century, has been constantly and without interruption, always perceived, in terms of quantity and behavior, as a phenomenon capable of modifying the city’s balances to the point that while some of them were more or less clearly configured precisely under the banner of the tourist development they imagined themselves research, for its part, praised such practices by leveraging, numbers in hand, the positive effects that tourism, recte: 62 had for local economies. Such laudable political-programmatic inclination has not always been matched, however, by an equal legal-legislative compliance. Suffice it to say, in this regard, that conflicts between the state and the regions in 1993 even led to the abolition of the Ministry of Tourism following a referendum requested by the regions themselves. It so happened that in 1994, the competencies of the sector were entrusted to a Department of Tourism, strictly dependent on the Prime Minister’s Office to be only in 2001, after hesitations and various transfers, transferred to the Ministry of Productive Activities, in the belief that the tourism sector could be treated as an industrial chain. In 2006, tourism functions were transferred back to the Prime Minister’s Office in which the Department for Tourism Development and Competitiveness heritage is diluted in the technicality of the means and fails to stand as a factor of enhancement, as it should be, of the appearance of symbols, knowledge and historical memory that culture, even in dematerialized form, is deputed to preserve and transmit. 60 The World Tourism Organization has defined tourism as “the totality of the activities of persons travelling or staying outside their usual environment1for at least 24 hours and in any case for a period not exceeding one year, the purpose of which is other than the pursuit of any remunerated activity within the visited state.” For some definitional clarification see, M. Juul, Tourism and the European Union. Recent trends and policy developments, EPRS September 2015. 61 Cf. C. Barbati, Tourism, in Enc. giur., III, I tematici, Funzioni amministrative, Giuffré, 2022, in whose opinion tourism belongs to those areas of public intervention whose peculiarity lies precisely in its definitional and reconstructive complexity. For more general aspects, and also for further bibliographical references, see V. Franceschelli, F. Morandi, Tourism law handbook, Giappichelli 2002, and R. Santagata, Tourism Law Utet 2025. 62 On the relationship between out-of-home tourism and the simultaneity of the accelerations of cultural heritage and, above all, on the territorial impact of various tourisms see A. Bonomi, A. Gusmeroli, Tourism seen from the last mile. Tourism platforms between local proximity and global simultaneity, DeriveApprodi 2024. 179 SMART CITIES AND TOURISM
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