TOURISM AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN ISLAND COUNTRIES colder temperature. Chart 1 above shows an evolution of this anomaly since 1970 towards growth. The bar had passed the 0 degree indicator at the global level. The average of the temperature anomaly no longer showed indications of cooling but rather of warming. According to the statistics(J.Hansen, 2010)19, the variations showed indications of warming (as for example 1880 and 1890) and cooling (19391950) especially during the Second World War. A study that looked at global cooling and World War II shows that due to the multiple uncertainties associated with the smoke injected into the stratosphere, it is not possible to definitively detect a cooling signal from the smoke of the Second World War(Robock, 2018)20. These irregularities are not necessarily permanent, they can be temporal and at the same time geographical. To date, there is good observed geographical coverage and extended temporal monitoring because scientists today rely on satellite images and data. A first NASA satellite (OCO-2) has been built to show how greenhouse gas is exchanged between air, land and sea (Boyle, 2017)21. This satellite, which has been operational since 2014, had captured very high precision and resolution data and images of the El Nino phenomenon which took place between 2015 and 2016. This satellite shows, for example, that the El Nino phenomenon has created warmer waters in the Pacific Ocean area and contributed to rising temperatures in tropical areas of Africa and South America. In Africa, the impact of this phenomenon was reflected in the fact that already dead trees decomposed more quickly, thus releasing more CO2 into the atmosphere. The OCO-2 satellite discovered that the three tropical regions of Africa, Indonesia and South America released 2.5 gigatonnes of CO2 more than their emissions in 2011 (Boyle, 2017)22. 19J. Hansen,1 R. Ruedy,1 M. Sato,1 and K “GLOBAL SURFACE TEMPERATURE CHANGE”. 2010. Available at <https://scihub.tw/https://doi.org/10.1029/2010RG000345> (accessed 2019-11-11). 20Robock, A., & Zambri, B. “DID SMOKE FROM CITY FIRES IN WORLD WAR II CAUSE GLOBAL COOLING?” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. [online], 2018. Available at <doi:10.1029/2018jd028922>, (accessed 2019-11-18) 21Alan Boyle, “Nasa's carbon-monitoring OCO-2 satellite confirms that El Nino weather boosts CO2” Geekwire. [Online], 2017. Available at https://www.geekwire.com/2017/carbon-monitoring-oco-2-satellite-confirms-el-ninoweather-boosts-co2/, (accessed 18.11.2019 ). 22Alan Boyle, “Nasa's carbon-monitoring OCO-2 satellite confirms that El Nino weather boosts CO2” Geekwire. [Online], 2017. Available at https://www.geekwire.com/2017/carbon-monitoring-oco-2-satellite-confirms-el-ninoweather-boosts-co2/, (accessed 18.11.2019 ).
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