instrumental in concretizing this right, compelling states to take specific and enforceable action in the face of environmental degradation and climate change. At the European level, the integration of environmental protection into the EU legal order—through Article 37 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights, the European Green Deal, and the “Do No Significant Harm” (DNSH) principle— has affirmed sustainability as a cross-cutting criterion for all Union policies. In the Italian context, the constitutional reform of Articles 9 and 41 represents a historic step forward, elevating environmental protection to a constitutional value and imposing clear limits on economic activities that threaten health and ecosystems. Collectively, these developments reflect a growing legal consensus: the protection of the environment is not only a policy objective, but a fundamental right that demands full juridical implementation. 142 GINEVRA GELSOMINI
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