XIII. UNESCO HERITAGE Tradition is also the basis of the intangible heritage of mankind, which has been recognised by UNESCO173. There are numerous traditions related to food (understood in its broadest sense, i.e. including fermented and alcoholic beverages), where the related knowledge and preparation techniques are often inseparably intertwined with other fundamental human values, such as conviviality, rituals, festivities, ceremonies, hospitality, family and even conflict resolution. Thus, the following traditions developed in certain European Union States are part of the World Heritage: in Italy, the art of the Neapolitan pizza maker (pizzaiolo)174, as well as the search for and caving in truffles with dogs175 and the practice of growing vines using the alberello system in the Pantelleria isle176 (which then makes it possible to obtain the wine bearing the relevant appellation); in France, the universe of knowledge behind the national gastronomy177 and baguette bread178; in Estonia, the ritual of cooking and eating mulgi puder (mashed potatoes with barley, typical of the Mulgimaa region)179; in Sweden, the customs and practices linked to grazing in the outlying lands and artisanal food production (summer farming in Fäbod and Seter)180; in Belgium, the culture linked to beer181; in Spain, the culture developed in the Asturias region linked to the preparation of cider182; in Malta, Il-Ftira, the culinary art and culture of flattened sourdough bread183; Croatia (northern area), the craft of gingerbread.184 Cyprus, Croatia, Spain, Greece, Italy and Portugal also share with Morocco the Mediterranean Diet185, considered not only healthy, but also sustainable. Equally rich and deep are the food-related cultural traditions developed in other countries186. 173 UNESCO, Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, Paris, 17 October 2003. 174 UNESCO 2017 (12.COM). 175 UNESCO 2021 (16.COM). 176 UNESCO 2014 (9.COM). 177 UNESCO 2010 (5.COM). 178 UNESCO 2022 (17.COM). 179 UNESCO 2024 (19.COM). 180 UNESCO 2024 (19.COM). 181 UNESCO 2016 (11.COM). 182 UNESCO 2024 (19.COM). 183 UNESCO 2020 (15.COM). 184 UNESCO 2010 (5.COM). 185 UNESCO 2013 (8.COM). 186 Arab coffee, symbol of generosity (United Arab Emirates, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Jordan); breakfast culture, understood as a culinary experience in a multi-ethnic society (Malaysia); Tandir handicrafts and bread358 ERMENEGILDO MARIO APPIANO
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