most renowned are Bitto PDO, Gorgonzola PDO, Grana Padano PDO, Provolone Valpadana PDO, Quartirolo Lombardo PDO and Taleggio PDO. Among the excellent cured meats, we find Bresaola della Valtellina PGI, Salame Brianza PDO, Salame di Varzi PDO and Salamini italiani alla cacciatora PDO. In addition, the region produces Garda PDO Extra Virgin Olive Oil and Laghi Lombardi PDO Extra Virgin Olive Oil5. These high-quality foods and agricultural products, whose unique characteristics are linked to the territory of production, tradition and processing methods, constitute a precious heritage that must be protected, including through a public certification system capable of guaranteeing the exclusivity of production only in the territories protected by the certification itself, thereby promoting the regional origin. II. THE REGULATORY SYSTEM The reflections contained in these pages require, first of all, clarity regarding the use of the terms PDO and PGI, which are two types of public law certifications recognised by a European Commission regulation. In the first phase, they are generally regulated by Regulation (EU) No 1151/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 November 2012 on quality schemes for agricultural products and foodstuffs, without prejudice to the fact that wines and spirit drinks are regulated respectively by Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013 (as amended by Regulation (EU) 2021/2117) and Regulation (EU) 2019/787, respectively. In April 2024, Regulation (EU) 2024/1143 on geographical indications for wines, spirits and agricultural products, as well as traditional specialities guaranteed and optional quality terms for agricultural products, was published, amending Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013. (EU) 2019/787 and (EU) 2019/1753, repealing Regulation (EU) No 1151/20126. 5 For a complete list of Italy’s many outstanding products, see the institutional website of the Ministry, 328 products are listed as being subject to protection (PDO, PGI, TSG) and 529 wines likewise subject to a form of safeguard (DOCG, DOC, IGT); the data are taken from the institutional website of MASAF, see also www.masaf. gov.it. 6 See, M Giuffrida, voce Segni degli alimenti: DOP, IGP, STG, in Dig. disc. priv., sez. civ., XI, Utet, Torino, 2018, p. 435; A. Di Lauro, Le denominazioni di origine protette (DOP) e le indicazioni geografiche protette (IGP), in P. Borghi, I. Canfora, A. Di Lauro, L. Russo (a cura di), Trattato di diritto alimentare italiano e dell’Unione Europea, Giuffrè, Milano, 2021, p. 46; N. Lucifero, La comunicazione simbolica nel mercato alimentare, in L. Costato - A. Germano, E. Rook basile (a cura di), Trattato di diritto agrario, vol. III Il diritto agroalimentare, Utet, Torino, 2011, p. 321. F. 398 STEFANIA PEDRABISSI
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