lifestyles, the Western way of life, etc. But gastronomic values also undoubtedly play an essential role. Thus, the consumption of low-quality products with artificial flavor enhancers, excess trans fats 25, high sugar and/or salt content, etc., is undoubtedly contributing to increasing obesity problems in society, where childhood obesity is of particular concern 26. The government must, and indeed does, intervene by approving culinary education programs or strategies. Along these lines, haute cuisine restaurants can serve to achieve these broader social and cultural goals by promoting and educating, for example, about culinary values related to the “Mediterranean diet,” that is, encouraging the consumption of vegetables, legumes, olive oil, and healthy foods, to the extent that this contributes to preventing obesity. 5.2. The wine issue and the proper use of leisure time One of the issues that particularly concerns me, although I can only mention it here tangentially, has to do with the enormous contradiction that arises between the promotion of wine consumption through, for example, wine tourism, and the serious health problems that alcohol consumption can cause 27. 25 GONZALEZ BOTIJA, F.,., “La educación alimentaria: en especial el caso de las grasas trans”, en CREMADES GARCÍA, J. y ANSÓ, R., (Directores), GÓMEZ-ACEBO DENNES, A., (Coordinador), Derecho y Gastronomía, GONZALEZ BOTIJA, F [“Food education: especially the case of trans fats”, in CREMADES GARCÍA, J. and ANSÓ, R., (Directors), GÓMEZ-ACEBO DENNES, A., (Coordinator), Law and Gastronomy] , op. cit., p. 254. 26 Overweight and obesity result from an imbalance of energy intake (diet) and energy expenditure (physical activity). In most cases obesity is a multifactorial disease due to obesogenic environments, psycho-social factors and genetic variants. In a subgroup of patients, single major etiological factors can be identified (medications, diseases, immobilization, iatrogenic procedures, monogenic disease/genetic syndrome). The obesogenic environment exacerbating the likelihood of obesity in individuals, populations and in different settings is related to structural factors limiting the availability of healthy sustainable food at locally affordable prices, lack of safe and easy physical mobility into the daily life of all people, and absence of adequate legal and regulatory environment. At the same time, the lack of an effective health system response to identify excess weight gain and fat deposition in their early stages is aggravating the progression to obesity. Ibid 27 Health risks of alcohol use. Alcohol consumption is found to play a causal role in more than 200 diseases, injuries and other health conditions. However, the global burden of disease and injuries caused by alcohol consumption can be quantified for only 31 health conditions on the basis of the available scientific evidence for the role of alcohol use in their development, occurrence and outcomes. Drinking alcohol is associated with risks of developing noncommunicable diseases such as liver diseases, heart diseases, and different types of cancers, as well as mental health and behavioral conditions such as depression, anxiety and alcohol use disorders. An estimated 474,000 deaths from cardiovascular diseases were caused by alcohol consumption in 2019. Alcohol is an established carcinogen and alcohol consumption increases the risk of several cancers, including breast, liver, head and neck, esophageal and colorectal cancers. In 2019, 4.4% of cancers diagnosed globally and 401,000 cancer deaths were attributed to alcohol consumption. 17 ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL IN THE “HIGH QUALITY” GASTRONOMIC OFFER
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