to its geographical origin. The rules for the production of products bearing a geographical indication are laid down in a specification and are subject to control procedures. In France, there are 478 PDOs (366 for wines and 112 for food products), 237 PGIs (76 for wines and 164 for food products) and 53 GIs for spirits registered and therefore protected throughout the European Union in 2022. In 2022, all PDO agri-food products generated a turnover of €32.7 billion excluding tax, of which €28 billion was for wines and spirits.9 Under French law, the legal framework is partly of European origin and is supplemented by national texts, taking into account the nature of the products concerned: • Regulation on the common organisation of the markets in agricultural products No 1308/2013 for wine • Decree No. 2012-655 of 4 May 2012 on the labelling and traceability of wine products and certain oenological practices • Decree No. 2007-628 of 27 April 2007 on cheese and cheese specialities The general rules for the labelling of foodstuffs offered for sale naturally apply to SIQO products. They are governed in particular by European Regulation (EU) No. 1169/2011. They differ depending on how the products are packaged or presented (pre-packaged or not, or included in a recipe). The indication of origin is only mandatory for certain products such as foodstuffs of agricultural origin. European law requires the indication of origin in the food sector: fruit and vegetables, olive oil, aquaculture products, honey, beef, pork, sheep and poultry meat sold in shops (before or after incorporation into a cooked dish) and in restaurants (after incorporation into a recipe served at the table). Where the omission of the indication of origin is likely to mislead the consumer, in particular if the information accompanying the food or the label as a whole is likely to suggest that the food has a different country of origin or place of provenance10. For the primary ingredient of a foodstuff, where the country of origin or place of provenance of that foodstuff is indicated but its primary ingredient (i.e. the ingredient present at 50% or more or the ingredients that are characteristic of the foodstuff) has a different origin11. 9 Key figures for 2022, National Institute for Origin and Quality (INAO). 10 Well-known examples include Mozzarella cheese whose packaging suggests that it was produced in Italy when it was actually produced in the Netherlands. 11 For example, for a jam produced in France and labelled as such, the origin of the fruit and sugar must be indicated if these two ingredients are not of French origin. 370 CHRISTINE LEBEL
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