to which credit must first be given for having successfully achieved the primary objectives for which it arose, providing a structured response to the food and economic priorities of the period.87 The effects of the CAP were visible after very few years from its launch: the EU reached food self‑sufficiency, farmers’ incomes underwent a substantial increase, and the quality of life in the countryside improved markedly.88 The CAP has been reformed a number of times since it was first introduced with the aim to contribute to other aims laid down in the Treaties, such as sustainable development (Article 11 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union – TFEU), animal welfare (Article 13 TFEU), human health protection (Article 168, par. 1, TFEU), economic, social, and territorial cohesion (Title XVIII TFEU, Articles 174-178). Moreover, within a scenario of globalized market, trade in agri-food products and services has to comply with the principles of the EU Common Commercial Policy set out in Article 207, TFEU.89 In 2013, with the 2014–2020 programming – then completed two years late due to the Covid‑19 pandemic – the CAP was reformed to strengthen the competitiveness of the agricultural sector, promote innovation and sustainable agriculture, and support growth and employment in rural areas, with particular attention to the principal challenges of the new millennium, such as food security, climate change, animal welfare, and the sustainable use of resources. An EU Parliament resolution on the future of food and farming was adopted on 30 May 2018.90 On 1 June 2018, the Commission published its legislative proposals for the reform of the CAP. In April 2019, Parliament’s Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development voted on the three reports concerning the legislative proposals submitted. Following the European elections in May 2019, the new Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development revised the amendments adopted during the previous legislature, and Parliament, meeting in plenary, adopted its final position on 23 October 2020.91 87 P. De Castro, Piano Marshall, cit., p. 3. See also R. Rossi, 1962-2022: Sessant’anni di politica agricola comune dell’UE, cit. 88 See P. De Castro, Piano Marshall, cit., p. 6. 89 D. Zaottini (edited by), La riforma, cit., p. 7, to whom reference is made for an exam of the main reforms on CAP approved over the last years. On such aspects see also A. Frascarelli, L’evoluzione della Pac e le imprese agricole: sessant’anni di adattamento, in Agriregionieuropa, anno 13, No. 50, September 2017. This paper is available at https://agriregionieuropa.univpm.it/it/content/article/31/50/levoluzione-della-pac-e-le-imprese-agricole-sessantanni-di-adattamento; F. De Filippis, P. Sandali (edited by), La nuova Pac. Un’analisi dell’accordo del 26 giugno 2013, Gruppo 2013, Working Paper n. 21, August 2013. This document is available at https://www.gruppo2013.it/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/WP-n.-21_agosto2013.pdf. 90 European Parliament resolution of 30 May 2018 on the future of food and farming. 91 See EU Parliament, The common agricultural policy (CAP) and the Treaty, 2025. The document is available at 446 FRANCESCO GASPARI | LUIGI CAMERIERO
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