processing, extraction, and analysis) and Industry 4.0 enablers (e.g., artificial intelligence, big data, smart sensors, robotics, blockchain, and the Internet of Things) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). According to such authors, Green and Industry 4.0 technologies are both rapidly becoming a valuable part of meeting the SDGs. This is clearly shown by the new CAP 2021–2027, which relies heavily on innovation and on the use of digital technologies for productions that reduce the impact on the ecosystem, thereby making the daily work of agri-food operators easier.123 In Italy, the market for “Agriculture 4.0”124 and “Farming 4.0” solutions has very high growth potential, even if the adoption of technologies such as robots and precision‑farming sensors is still limited.125 This is because, although they have significant advantages, the use of such technologies presents various critical aspects, beginning with cultural barriers.126 With the aim of overcoming such barriers (especially – but not only – the cultural one), given the importance of the agri-food sector in Italy, “smart” entrepreneurial learning projects (often led by innovative start‑ups) in digital agriculture have been launched.127 As mentioned above, the use of technologies in agriculture is supposed to significantly improve products/services and processes related to this field.128 Digital agriculture manages both the “space” (from vast territories to the single farm) and the “time” of production units (preparation of the soil, sowing and harvesting).129 In such a scenario, a number of digital innovations allowing diversified interventions (for instance, vertical farms) are possible.130 “Agriculture 4.0” solutions offered by “Agriculture 4.0” are integrated with those 123 See A. Tommasini, La “rivoluzione” tecnologica nell’agroalimentare: algoritmi e innovazione digitale tra rischi e opportunità, in S. Carmignani, N. Lucifero (edited by), Le regole, cit., p. 771-772. 124 Agriculture 4.0 is seen as the set of tools and strategies aimed at using increasingly advanced techniques in a synergistic and interconnected manner, with the aim of making production more efficient and sustainable, especially in innovative agricultural sectors (like the wine sector): see A. Tommasini, La “rivoluzione” tecnologica, cit., p. 773. 125 A. Scuderi, La digital trasformation, cit., p. 14. In Italy, only 2% of agricultural land uses precision farming robots and sensors. Digital agriculture ranges from less than 1% to 5%, while in China, USA, and Israel it reaches 40-70% (ibidem, p. 16-17). See also C. Cardi, Agricoltura di precisione a che punto siamo?, in Agricoltura, No. 09/2007, p. 86-88. 126 In this sense, see A. Tommasini, La “rivoluzione” tecnologica, cit., p. 789. Other barriers may relate to investments needed, cybersecurity, digital divide, digital infrastructures, connectivity and digitization, which should be fully developed. 127 On this point, see A. Tommasini, La “rivoluzione” tecnologica, cit., p. 789-790. 128 H. Hassoun et al., Exploring the role of green and Industry 4.0 technologies in achieving sustainable development goals in food sectors, cit. 129 A. Scuderi, La digital transformation, cit., p. 14. 130 See A. Tommasini, La “rivoluzione” tecnologica, cit., p. 776. 454 FRANCESCO GASPARI | LUIGI CAMERIERO
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTE4NzM5Nw==