of “Farming 4.0” according to an approach based on integrations of different ICT/geo-spatial technologies, such as the geo‑location of vehicles for assisted driving, core‑sampling/collection of samples, field data collection, the use of variable‑rate machines, etc.131 Agriculture 4.0 will be able to benefit from the most advanced technologies, such as those of the geospatial industry concerning Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Such systems can be combined and integrated with proximity sensors (weather, dendrometers, biosensors, etc.), connectivity systems, protocols and standards that ensure interoperability among different devices. This makes reliable remote monitoring possible through spatio‑temporal and spectral detections. Such detections can be performed by means of geostationary satellites (Geostationary Earth Orbit, GEO) and low‑Earth‑orbit satellites (Low Earth Orbit, LEO), weather balloons, drones/remotely piloted aircraft (Remotely Piloted Aircraft / Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, RPA/UAV), proximity sensors (Internet of Things, IoT), etc.132 Such systems lead to the collection and production of an enormous quantity of data, thus opening the way to the automation of production activities133 and to the development of forecasting and decision‑support models, made possible by the availability of advanced (big) data‑management services “as a service”, cloud computing, big data analytics, artificial intelligence, etc.134 Other technologies, such as augmented and virtual reality, are capable of revolutionising visualisation/ rendering systems and Decision Support Systems for Agriculture 4.0 – such as remote maintenance or driving simulators – or by combining virtual reality with 3D scanning technologies (such as 3D Building Information Modelling, BIM).135 Also blockchain technology applied to the agri-food sector allows the ensuring of a transparent, safe, and shared environment for the traceability of the components and transformation processes of food products offered to consumers.136 One of the most interesting points addressed by the Commission in its abovecited communication of 19 February 2025 is the aim of creating an enabling environment through digitization (digital technology including Artificial 131 A. Scuderi, La digital transformation, cit., p. 14-15. 132 A. Scuderi, La digital transformation, cit., p. 15. 133 A. Tommasini, La “rivoluzione” tecnologica, cit., p. 774. 134 A. Scuderi, La digital transformation, cit., p. 15. 135 A. Scuderi, La digital transformation, cit., p. 15. 136 A. Scuderi, La digital transformation, cit., p. 15-16. See also A. Tommasini, La “rivoluzione” tecnologica, cit., p. 783-784. 455 WATER GOVERNANCE AND RIGHT TO FOOD
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